#Non-verbal clauses #Non-verbal clauses #Non-verbal clauses have one of a set of non-verbal constructions as their predicate centre. #The normal order of constituents in a clause is subject + predicate. #The purpose of this document is to explore different types of non-verbal clauses. #The document is organised into the following sections: # (i) Noun clauses; # (ii)The Copulas adalah and ialah; # (iii) Adjective Clauses; # (iv) Quantity Clauses; # (v) Prepositional Clauses. #Noun Clauses #Noun clauses have a noun phrase as their predicate centre. #Noun clauses are negated by bukan 'not'. #1 Dia dokter #3SG doctor #He/She is a doctor #2 Itu rumah saya #that house 1SG #that is my house #3 Dia bukan dokter #3SG NEG doctor #He/She is not a doctor #4 Itu bukan rumah saya #that NEG house 1SG #that is not my house #Noun clauses cannot be negated by other negative words #such as jangan 'not', belum 'not', and tidak 'not'. #Ungrammatical: #5 Dia jangan dokter (0! 0 0 0) #3SG NEG doctor #He/She is not a doctor #Ungrammatical #6 Dia tidak dokter (0! 0 0 0) #3SG NEG doctor #He/She is not a doctor #Ungrammatical #7 Dia belum dokter (0! 0 0 0) #3SG NEG doctor #He/She is not a doctor #Ungrammatical #8 Itu jangan rumah saya (0! 0 0 0) #that NEG house 1SG #that is not my house #Ungrammatical #9 Itu belum rumah saya (0! 0 0 0) #that NEG house 1SG #that is not my house #Ungrammatical #10 Itu tidak rumah saya (0! 0 0 0) #that NEG house 1SG #that is not my house #The Copulas adalah and ialah #The copulas occur mostly in noun clauses. The meaning of copula adalah and ialah is the same as #the meaning of copula be in English (see file 13). #11 Sumatera adalah satu dari pulau-pulau besar di Indonesia #Sumatera be one of island-REDUP big in Indonesia #Sumatera is one of the big islands in Indonesia #12 Dia adalah seorang guru #3SG be CLASS teacher #He/She is a teacher #The copulas adalah and ialah, however, are not verbs such as English copulas. #Most Indonesians would say (12) without the copula as in (13) or (14). #13 Dia seorang guru #3SG CLASS teacher #He/She is a teacher #14 Dia guru #3SG teacher #He/She is a teacher #Adjective Clauses #Adjective phrase occurs in the predicate centre. #Adjective clauses are negated by tidak 'not'. Tidak 'not' occurs #immediately before the adjective phrase (see also file 16). #15 saya siap #1SG ready #I am ready #16 Minuman ini panas #drink this hot #this drink is hot #17 saya tidak siap #1SG NEG ready #I am not ready #18 Minuman ini tidak panas #drink this NEG hot #this drink is not hot #Negative belum 'not' may also be used for certain adjectives. #19 saya belum siap #1SG NEG ready #I am not ready yet #20 Minuman ini belum panas #drink this NEG hot #this drink is not hot yet #Ungrammatical: #21 buku ini belum berat (0! 0 0 0) #book this NEG heavy #this book is not heavy yet #Quantity Clauses #In this constructions the predicate expresses the number #or measurement of the subject. #The predicate with cardinal number: #22 Anaknya lima #anak-nya lima #child-3SG.POSS five #He has five children. (Lit: His children are five) #23 Anjing saya dua #dog 1SG two #I have two dogs #24 Kebun saya sepuluh #garden 1SG ten #I have ten gardens #The predicate with indefinite number: #25 Rumah mereka banyak #house 3PL many #They have a lot of houses (Lit: Their houses are many) #26 Ternak petani ini beratus-ratus #animal farmer this Ber-hundred-REDUP #This famer has hundreds of animals. (Lit: The livestock of this farmer are hundreds) #Adapted from Sneddon, J. 1999:234. #The predicate with a number followed by a classifier: #27 Siswa saya sepuluh orang #student 1SG ten CLASS #I have ten students (Lit: My students are ten + classifier) #Negative tidak 'not' is used for the predicate with indefinite number but not for the predicate with #cardinal number and the predicate with a number followed by a classifier. #28 Rumah mereka tidak banyak #house 3PL NEG many #They don't have a lot of houses (Lit: Their houses are not many) # Ungrammatical: #29 Kebun saya tidak sepuluh (0! 0 0 0) #garden 1SG NEG ten #I don't have ten gardens #Ungrammatical #30 Siswa saya tidak sepuluh orang (0! 0 0 0) #student 1SG NEG ten CLASS #I don't have ten students (Lit: My students are not ten + classifier) #Negative bukan 'not' is used for (23) and (24). #31 Kebun saya bukan sepuluh #garden 1SG NEG ten #My gardens are not ten #32 Siswa saya bukan sepuluh orang #student 1SG NEG ten CLASS #My students are not ten + classifier #Prepositional Clauses #Prepositional phrases which usually occurs as clause adjuncts can occur as predicate. #33 Dia di Sumatera sekarang #3SG in Sumatera now #He is in Sumatera now #34 Mereka tidak dapat hidup tanpa makanan #3PL NEG able live without food #They cannot live without food #35 Ini untuk kamu #this for you #this is for you #36 Anak itu dengan ibunya sekarang #child that with mother.3POSS now #The child is with his/her mother now #See also files 6 and 7. #References: #Sneddon, James, N. INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar, #Roudledge, London, 1996 (pp.232-246).