#Nominalised relative clauses #The description of relative clauses is presented in the relative clauses file. #See files 3 and 4. #This document describes nominalisation of relative clauses. #A relative clause can be nominalised by deleting its head noun (Sneddon, 1996:300). #Defining relative clauses: #1 #Relative clause: #Gadis yang bekerja di warung itu cantik sekali #girl REL BER-work in shop that beautiful very #The girl who worked in the shop is very beautiful #Nominal clause: yang bekerja di warung itu cantik sekali #REL BER-work in shop that beautiful very #The one who works in the shop is very beautiful #2 #Relative clause: #Orang yang mencuri sepeda saya ditangkap polisi #person REL MEN-steal bicycle 1SG DI-catch police #The person who stole my bicycle was caught by the police #Nominal clause: Yang mencuri sepeda saya ditangkap polisi #REL MEN-steal bicycle 1SG DI-catch police #The one who stole my bicycle was caught by the police #3 #Relative clause: #Taman yang indah itu milik Rita #garden REL beautiful that possession Rita #The beautiful garden belongs to Rita #Nominal clause: Yang indah itu milik Rita #REL beautiful that possession Rita #The beautiful one belongs to Rita #4 #Relative clause: #Kolam renang yang di belakang rumah besar sekali #pond swimming REL in behind house big very #The swimming pool which is behind the house is very big #Nominal clause: yang di belakang rumah besar sekali #REL in behind house big very #The one which is behind the house is very big #5 #Relative clause: #Bapak Melianus Maryen yang bupati Biak itu sangat tampan #sir Melianus Maryen REL regent Biak that very handsome #Mr Melianus Maryen who is the regent of Biak is very handsome #Nominal clause: yang bupati Biak itu sangat tampan #REL regent Biak that very handsome #The one who is the regent of Biak is very handsome #Possessor topic-comment relative clauses: #6 #Relative clause: #Orang yang rambutnya keriting itu diminta datang ke kantor polisi #person REL hair-NYA curly that DI-request come to office police #The person whose hair was curly was requested to come to the police office #Nominal clause: Yang rambutnya keriting itu diminta datang ke kantor polisi #REL hair-NYA curly that DI-request come to office police #The one whose hair was curly was requested to come to the police office #7 #Relative clause: #Kawasan yang dipuji kebersihannya mendapat juara satu #region REL DI-praise KE-clean-AN-NYA MEN-get champion one #The region which has been praised for its cleaness won the championship #Nominal clause: yang dipuji kebersihannya mendapat juara satu #REL DI-praise KE-clean-AN-NYA MEN-get champion one #The one which has been praised for its cleaness won the championship #Sneddon notes that a nominalised relative clause can take any position where #the embedding phrase can occur (Sneddon, 1996:301) #8 cantik sekali yang bekerja di warung itu #beautiful very REL BER-work in shop that #The one who works in the shop is very beautiful #9 ditangkap polisi yang mencuri sepeda saya #DI-catch police REL MEN-steal bicycle 1SG #The one who stole my bicycle was caught by the police #10 milik Rita yang indah itu #possession Rita REL beautiful that #The beautiful one belongs to Rita #11 besar sekali yang di belakang rumah #big very REL in behind house #The one which is behind the house is very big #12 sangat tampan yang bupati Biak itu #very handsome REL regent Biak that #The one who is the regent of Biak is very handsome #13 diminta datang ke kantor polisi yang rambutnya keriting itu #DI-request come to office police REL hair-NYA curly that #The one whose hair was curly was requested to come to the police office #14 mendapat juara satu yang dipuji kebersihannya ini #MEN-get champion one REL DI-praise KE-clean-AN-NYA #The one which has been praised for its cleaness won the championship #The verbs that appear at the beginning of sentences (8) to (15) can be negated by #tidak 'not'. There is an exception in the case of sentence (10). Sentence (10) is negated by #bukan 'not'. See tidak and bukan in the negation file. #15 Tidak cantik sekali yang bekerja di warung itu #NEG beautiful very REL BER-work in shop that #The one who works in the shop is not very beautiful #16 Tidak ditangkap polisi yang mencuri sepeda saya #NEG DI-catch police REL MEN-steal bicycle 1SG #The one who stole my bicycle was not caught by the police #17 Bukan milik Rita yang indah itu #NEG possession Rita REL beautiful that #The beautiful one does not belong to Rita #18 Tidak besar sekali yang di belakang rumah #NEG big very REL in behind house #The one which is behind the house is not very big #19 Tidak sangat tampan yang bupati Biak itu #NEG very handsome REL regent Biak that #The one who is the regent of Biak is not very handsome #20 Tidak diminta datang ke kantor polisi yang rambutnya keriting itu #NEG DI-request come to office police REL hair-NYA curly that #The one whose hair was curly was not requested to come to the police office #21 Tidak mendapat juara satu yang dipuji kebersihannya ini #NEG MEN-get champion one REL DI-praise KE-clean-AN-NYA #The one which has been praised for its cleaness won the championship #The predicate within the nominalised clause can be negated by tidak if it is a verb #or by bukan if it is a noun. #22 cantik sekali yang tidak bekerja di warung itu #beautiful very REL NEG BER-work in shop that #The one who does not work in the shop is very beautiful #23 ditangkap polisi yang tidak mencuri sepeda saya #DI-catch police REL NEG MEN-steal bicycle 1SG #The one who did not steal my bicycle was caught by the police #24 milik Rita yang tidak indah itu #possession Rita REL NEG beautiful that #The ugly one belongs to Rita #25 besar sekali yang tidak di belakang rumah #big very REL NEG in behind house #The one which is not behind the house is very big #26 sangat tampan yang bukan bupati Biak itu #very handsome REL NEG regent Biak that #The one who is not the regent of Biak is very handsome #27 diminta datang ke kantor polisi yang bukan rambutnya keriting itu #DI-request come to office police REL NEG hair-NYA curly that #The one whose hair was not curly was requested to come to the police office #28 mendapat juara satu yang tidak dipuji kebersihannya ini #MEN-get champion one REL NEG DI-praise KE-clean-AN-NYA #The one which has not been praised for its cleaness won the first champion #Note that the order of the subject and predicate in #sentences (24) to (28) can be reversed. See the original #sentences in (1) to (7). Sneddon notes that since the nominalised clause is a noun #it is negated by bukan if it is placed in the predicate position. Example (29) is #taken from Sneddon (1996:302). #29 Mobil saya bukan yang biru #car 1SG NEG REL blue #My car isn't the blue one #Sentence (29) is an example of an equative sentence. Thus, we can have bukan preceding #mobil saya as example (30) illustrates: #30 Bukan mobil saya yang biru #NEG car 1SG REL blue #The blue one isn't my car #the order of sentence (30) can be reversed. #31 yang biru bukan mobil saya #REL blue NEG car 1SG #The blue one isn't my car #In examples (1) to (7) all the nominalised clauses can be negated by bukan. However, #all the predicates must also be nominalised so that we can have equative sentences. #See examples (32) to (38). Sentences (32) to (38) are equative sentences and therefore #the order of the subject and predicate in the sentences can be reversed. #32 Bukan yang bekerja di warung itu yang cantik sekali #NEG REL BER-work in shop that REL beautiful very #The very beautiful one is not the one who works in the shop #33 Bukan yang mencuri sepeda saya yang ditangkap polisi #REL MEN-steal bicycle 1SG REL DI-catch police #The one who was caught by the police wasn't the one who stole my bicycle #34 Bukan yang indah itu milik Rita #REL beautiful that possession Rita #It is not the beautiful one that belongs to Rita #Milik Rita in (34) is a noun phrase and therefore it does not require yang. #35 Bukan yang dibelakang rumah yang besar sekali #REL in behind house REL big very #The very big one is not the one which is behind the house #36 Bukan yang bupati Biak itu yang sangat tampan #REL regent Biak that REL very handsome #The very handsome one is not the regent of Biak #37 Bukan yang rambutnya keriting itu yang diminta datang ke kantor polisi #REL hair-NYA curly that REL DI-request come to office police #The one who was requested to come to the police office was not the one whose hair was curly #38 Bukan yang dipuji kebersihannya yang mendapat juara satu #REL DI-praise KE-clean-AN-NYA REL MEN-get champion one #The one who won the first champion was not the one which has been praised for its cleaness #Leaving the predicate in (32) to (38) (except 34) will make the sentences #ungrammatical, since there will then be two predicates and no subject. #Observe (39) to (44). #39 #Ungrammatical: Bukan yang bekerja di warung itu cantik sekali (0! 0 0 0) #NEG REL BER-work in shop that beautiful very #The very beautiful one is not the one who works in the shop #Ungrammatical: #40 Bukan yang mencuri sepeda saya ditangkap polisi (0! 0 0 0) #REL MEN-steal bicycle 1SG DI-catch police #The one who was caught by the police wasn't the one stole my bicycle #Ungrammatical: #41 Bukan yang di belakang rumah besar sekali (0! 0 0 0) #REL in behind house big very #The very big one is not the one which is behind the house #Ungrammatical: #42 Bukan yang bupati Biak itu sangat tampan (0! 0 0 0) #REL regent Biak that very handsome #The very handsome one is not the regent of Biak #Ungrammatical: #43 Bukan yang rambutnya keriting itu diminta datang ke kantor polisi (0! 0 0 0) #REL hair-NYA curly that DI-request come to office police #The who was requested to come to the police office was not the one whose hair was curly #Ungrammatical: #44 Bukan yang dipuji kebersihannya ini mendapat juara satu (0! 0 0 0) #REL DI-praise KE-clean-AN-NYA MEN-get champion one #The one who got the first champion was not the one which has been praised for its cleaness #Nominaliser yang can be attached to all verbs in (8) to (14). The original position #of yang is deleted. The meaning of sentences (46) to (52) is different from sentences #(8) to (14). #45 yang cantik sekali bekerja di warung itu #REL beautiful very BER-work in shop that #The very beautiful one works in the shop #46 Yang ditangkap polisi mencuri sepeda saya #REL DI-catch police MEN-steal bicycle 1SG #The one who was caught by the police stole my bicycle #Ungrammatical: #47 Yang milik Rita indah itu (0! 0 0 0) #REL possession Rita beautiful that #The one that belongs to Rita is beautiful #Indah in (47) is a verb and it cannot be modified by demonstrative itu. It becomes #a noun when it is preceded by yang as in examples (3), (10) and (34). #Sentence (47) can be grammatical if demonstrative itu is placed at the end of the #nominalised clause. See (48): #48 Yang milik Rita itu indah #REL possession Rita that beautiful #The one that belongs to Rita is beautiful #49 Yang besar sekali di belakang rumah #REL big very in behind house #The very big one is behind the house #50 Yang sangat tampan itu bupati Biak #REL very handsome that regent Biak #The very handsome one is the regent of Biak #51 Yang diminta datang ke kantor polisi itu rambutnya keriting #REL DI-request come to office police that hair-NYA curly #The who was requested to come to the police office has a curly hair #52 yang mendapat juara satu dipuji kebersihannya #REL MEN-get champion one DI-praise KE-clean-AN-NYA #The one who won the championship has been praised for its cleaness #References: #Sneddon, James, N. INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar, #Roudledge, London, 1996 (pp. 300-2).