#Basic word order #Word order in clauses has been discussed elsewhere in other testsuites #in the descriptions of particular constructions. This document presents #standard word order in clauses and changes that can occur from normal word #order. #The document is organised into the following sections: #The neutral or standard order #Verbal Clauses: #Transitive Verbal clause #Intransitive verbal clause #Ditransitive verbal clause #Position of Adjuncts #Nonverbal Clauses: #Noun clause #Adjective Clause #Quantity Clause #Prepositional Clause #Are there variations? #Predicate before the subject #The neutral or standard order #The normal or standard order of words in main clauses is subject + predicate. #Verbal clauses #Transitive Verbal clause #In a transitive sentence, the subject precedes the predicate. #The object always appears after the transitive verb. #For example: #1 Bapak minum kopi #father drink coffee #Father drinks coffee; or #Father drank coffee #2 Indro menolong saya #Indro MEN-help 1SG #Indro helped me #The sentence will be ill-formed if the order of the subject, #the predicate and the object of the sentence is changed. #For example: #Ungrammatical #3 Bapak kopi minum (0! 0 0 0) #father coffee drink #Father drinks cofee #Note that when the object kopi 'coffee' is placed before the predicate, the sentence is #ill-formed. #Intransitive verbal clause #The order of the subject and predicate in an intransitive sentence is the same as #the order of subject and predicate in the transitive clause where the subject always #precedes the predicate. For example: #4 Kuliah mulai #lecture begin #The lecture begins #It is common for an intransitive clause to have more than one adjunct. #5 Hari ini kuliah mulai pada pukul sepuluh #day this lecture begin at strike ten #Today the lecture begins at ten o'clock #Ditransitive verbal clause #The order of ditransitive clause is Subject + Predicate + Direct Object + Indirect Object. #In the ditransitive verbal clause, the direct object always precedes the indirect one. #In addition, the prepositional phrase, which contains the indirect object NP, is obligatory. #For example: #6 Mereka mengirim paket itu kepada kami #3PL Men-kirim package that to 1PL.INCL #They sent that package to us #They sent us that package #The sentence is ill-formed if the preposition is removed. #Ungrammatical: #7 Mereka mengirim paket itu kami (0! 0 0 0) #3PL Men-kirim package that 1PL.INCL #They sent that package to us #They sent us that package #With the use of applicative suffix -i on the verb, the word order of ditransitive #clause can be changed into subject + predicate + indirect object + direct object. #8 Mereka mengirimi kami paket itu #3PL Men-kirim-i(LOC) 1PL.INCL package that #They sent us that package #The function of applicative suffix -i is to indicate that the object is #the person or place to which the action is directed (see Sneddon J, 1999:84). #Changing the order of (8) will cause the sentence to be ungrammatical. #Ungrammatical #9 Mereka mengirimi paket itu kami (0! 0 0 0) #3PL Men-kirim-i(LOC) package that 1PL.INCL #They sent us that package #10 Ibu membuat secangkir teh manis untuk saya #mother Men-make CLASS-cup tea sweet for 1SG #Mother made a cup of nice tea for me #The order of (10) is Subject + Predicate + Direct Object + Indirect Object. #Similar to (8), this order can be changed into Subject + Predicate + Indirect Object #+ Direct Object with the use of benefactive suffix -kan. #11 Ibu membuatkan saya secangkir tea manis #mother Men-make-kan 1SG CLASS-cup tea sweet #Mother made me a cup of nice tea #Note that there is no preposition in examples (8) and (11). #Benefactive -kan indicates that the object is the beneficiary (See Sneddon J, 1996:80). #The position of adjuncts #The position of adjuncts in a clause is very much dependent on the characteristics #of each individual adjunct. #Some adjuncts can appear before or after the verb phrase. #Some can only appear at the beginning or at the end of a clause. #However, there are some adjuncts that can appear in both positions. #The following examples illustrate the position of adjuncts in different #places in the main clause. #12 Rahima berjalan dengan cepatnya #Rahima BER-walk with quick-NYA #Rahima walked quickly #13 Dengan gembira mereka menerima piala itu #with happy 3PL MEN-receive trophy that #They received the trophy happily #14 Kini dia harus diam #nowadays 3SG must quiet #Nowadays he must be quiet #Ungrammatical: #15 dia harus diam kini (0! 0 0 0) #3SG must quiet nowadays #Nowadays he must be quiet #16 Dahulu dia selalu makan pinang #previously 3SG always eat betelnut #Earlier he always chewed betelnuts #17 dia dahulu selalu makan pinang #3SG previously eat betelnut #Earlier he always chewed betelnuts #Non-verbal clauses #Noun Clauses #18 Dia dokter #3SG doctor #He/She is a doctor #Adjective Clauses #19 Minuman ini panas #drink this hot #this drink is hot #20 gadis itu sangat cantik #girl that very beautiful #That girl is very beautiful #Quantity Clauses #21 Anaknya lima #anak-nya lima #child-3SG.POSS five #He has five children. (Lit: His children are five) #Prepositional Clauses #22 Dia di Sumatera sekarang #3SG in Sumatera now #He is in Sumatera now #Are there variations? #Although Indonesian is mostly an SVO or AVP type language with the word order #subject + predicate, there are some variations in the order of clause constituents. #One of them is predicate + subject (by placing the predicate before the subject). #Predicate before the subject. #Predicate can be placed before the subject. It usually occurs in nonverbal clauses. #Examples: #Noun Clauses #23 Dia guru bahasa Inggris #3SG teacher language English #He/She is an English teacher #24 guru bahasa Inggris dia #teacher language English 3SG #He/She is an English teache #Adjective Clauses #25 Minuman ini panas #drink this hot #this drink is hot #26 panas minuman ini #hot drink this #this drink is hot #27 gadis itu sangat cantik #girl that very beautiful #That girl is very beautiful #28 sangat cantik gadis itu #very beautiful girl that #That girl is very beautiful #Sneddon (1996:257) states that an intransitive verb can occur #before the subject. The intransitive verb takes foregrounding #particle -lah. #29 Pergilah dia ke rumah orangtuanya #go-lah 3SG to house parents-3SG.POSS #He went to his parents' house #30 Tersenyumlah gadis cantik itu #TER-smile-lah girl pretty that #That pretty girl smiles #There are lots of examples with particle -lah attaching to #intransitive verbs. #However, the order of 4 and 5 cannot be reversed. #Ungrammatical: #31 dia pergilah ke rumah orangtuanya (0! 0 0 0) #3SG go-lah to house parents-3SG.POSS #He went to his parents' house #The sentence is grammatical if particle -lah is omitted. #There are cases where verbs derived from adjectives can be placed #before the subject without attaching particle -lah to the verbs. #Two examples below illustrate this. #32 Memalukan perbuatan dia #MEN-ashamed-KAN PER-act-AN 3SG #His action is shameful #33 Memburuk kondisi kesehatannya #MEN-bad condition health-3SG.POSS #His health condition gets worse #The order of 32 and 33 can be reversed. #34 perbuatan dia memalukan #PER-act-AN 3SG MEN-ashame-KAN #His action is shameful #35 kondisi kesehatannya memburuk #condition health-3SG.POSS MEN-bad #His health condition gets worse