#Double object constructions and passive voice (file 3) #This document presents a group of ditransitive verbs that take instrumental #suffix -kan and applicative suffix -i. #The verbs taking suffix -kan and suffix -i have two objects. #Suffix -kan marks the object as an instrument; and #Suffix -i marks the object as a location of the action. #The following verbs (adapted from Sneddon, 1996) take instrumental suffix -kan. #Some nouns that are usually paired with the verbs are provided. #potong (parang, pisau) chop with (a machete, a knife) #cukur (pisau) shave with (a knife) #ketok (palu) knock (with a hammer) #tembak (pistol) shoot with ( a pistol) #cambuk (tali) whip with (a rope) #tutup (kain) cover with (a cloth) #balut (wrap) cover with (plaster) #cengkeram (kuku) grasp with (talons) #Instrumental -kan #Structure: SUBJECT PREDICATE (meN + verb.base + kan) INS.OBJ PREP DIR.OBJ #Preposition ke and pada are usually used with instrumental -kan. #Preposition dengan 'with' is usually used with suffix -i. #For comparison instrumental -kan sentences are presented with their #suffix -i counterparts. #Examples: #1 #Base word: pukul #hit, beat #to hit, to beat #2 Kepala desa memukulkan rotan pada sekretarisnya #head village MEN-hit-kan rattan to secretary-3SG #The head of the village use the rattan to hit his secretary #3 Kepala desa memukuli sekretarisnya dengan rotan #head village MEN-hit-i secretary-3SG with rattan #The head of the village hit his secretary with a rattan #4 #Base word: tikam #stab #to stab #5 Anton menikamkan sebuah pisau pada tubuh Sopater #Anton men-stab-kan one-CLASS knife to body Sopater with #Anton thrusts a knife into Sopater's body #6 Anton menikami tubuh Sopater dengan sebuah pisau #Anton men-stab-i body Sopater with one-CLASS knife #Anton stabbed Sopater's body with a knife #7 #Base word: ikat #tie #to tie #8 Simon mengikatkan kain merah pada kaki kirinya #Simon MEN-tie-kan cloth red to leg left-3SG #Simon tied a red cloth around his left leg #9 Simon mengikati kaki kirinya dengan kain merah #Simon MEN-tie-i leg left-3SG with cloth red #Simon tied his left leg with a red cloth #Transitive verbs pukul 'hit', tikam 'stab' and ikat 'tie' #may or may not need suffix -i to mark the object as #a location of the action. The object becomes locative when they are #placed immediately after the transitive verbs. See the sentences #below and compare them with sentences (3), (6),and (9). #10 Kepala desa memukul sekretarisnya dengan rotan #head village men-hit secretary-3SG with rattan #The head of the village hit his secretary with a rattan #11 Anton menikam tubuh Sopater dengan sebuah pisau #Anton men-stab body Sopater with one-CLASS knife #Anton stabbed Sopater's body with a knife #12 Simon mengikat kaki kirinya dengan kain merah #Simon MEN-tie leg left-3SG with cloth red #Simon tied his left leg with a red cloth #Sentences (10-12) show that the verbs may or may not take suffix -i. #Note that to change the direct object as an instrument suffix -kan #is required. #Observe the following sentences: #13 Anton menikam tubuh Sopater #Anton men-stab body Sopater #Anton stabbed Sopater's body #14 Anton menikamkan tubuh Sopater #Anton men-stab-kan body Sopater #Anton used Sopater's body to stab #Applicative -i #The following verbs take applicative suffix -i. #muat 'load' #lampir 'enclose' #lekat 'glue, stick' #hujan 'rain' #alir 'flow' #tumpuk 'pile up' #tempel 'stick' #Structure: SUBJECT PREDICATE (meN + verb.base + i) LOC.OBJ PREP DIR.OBJ #Examples: #15 #Base word: muat #load #to load #16 Kami memuati kapal itu dengan bahan-bahan bangunan #1PL.EXCL MEN-load-i boat that with material-REDUP build-AN #We loaded the boat with building materials #In (16) kapal itu 'the boat' occurs immediately after the -i verb. #This is a typical sentence of applicative -i which marks the object #as a location of the action. #In a passive construction the direct object kapal itu 'the boat' #become the subject of the sentence. #17 Kapal itu dimuati bahan-bahan bangunan #boat that DI-load-i material-REDUP build-AN #The boat was loaded with building materials #Unlike suffix -kan which maintains its preposition ke 'to' (see example 19) #preposition dengan is omitted in applicative -i passive construction #as example (17) illustrates. #Suffix -kan: #See the difference in the structure of sentences (18) below and #sentence (16). #18 Kami memuatkan bahan-bahan bangunan ke kapal itu #1PL.EXCL MEN-load-kan material-REDUP build-AN to boat that #We loaded building materials to the boat #In sentence (18) kapal 'boat' is the object of preposition ke 'to'. #In a passive construction the direct object bahan-bahan bangunan 'building materials' #becomes the subject of the sentence. Actor subject is always omitted. #19 Bahan-bahan bangunan dimuatkan ke kapal itu #material-REDUP DI-load-kan to boat that #The building materials were loaded into the boat #Note that preposition ke 'to' occurs again in (19). Removing the preposition #will cause the sentence to be ungrammatical. #Ungrammatical: #20 Bahan-bahan bangunan dimuatkan kapal itu (0! 0 0 0) #material-REDUP DI-load-kan boat that #The building materials were loaded into the boat #Ungrammatical: #21 Kapal itu dimuatkan bahan-bahan bangunan (0! 0 0 0) #boat that DI-load-kan material-REDUP build-AN #The boat was loaded into the boat #Sentence (21) is ungrammatical with suffix -kan. However, #it is a well-formed sentence if suffix -i is used. See example (17). #More examples of applicative -i sentences with their -kan counterparts. #22 #Base word: lampir #enclose #to enclose, to attach #23 Saya melampiri e-mail saya dengan foto anak-anak saya #1SG Men-enclose-i e-mail 1SG with photograph child-REDUP 1SG #I enclosed with my e-mail my children's photographs #Direct object becomes subject of the passive verb dilampiri. #24 E-mail saya dilampiri foto anak-anak saya #e-mail 1SG DI-enclose-i photograph child-REDUP 1SG #my children's photographs are attached to my e-mail #The meaning changes if the oblique NP object is placed as the subject of #the sentence #25 Foto anak-anak saya dilampiri e-mail saya #photograph child-REDUP 1SG DI-enclose-i e-mail 1SG #My email was attached to my children's photographs #Suffix -kan: #26 Saya melampirkan foto anak-anak saya pada e-mail saya #1SG Men-enclose-kan photograph child-REDUP 1SG in e-mail 1SG #I enclosed my children's photographs in my e-mail #27 Foto anak-anak saya dilampirkan pada e-mail saya #photograph child-REDUP 1SG DI-enclose-kan to e-mail 1SG #My children's photographs are attached to my e-mail #The sentence is ungrammatical when the preposition is removed. #See sentence (28). #Ungrammatical: #28 Foto anak-anak saya dilampirkan e-mail saya (0! 0 0 0) #photograph child-REDUP 1SG DI-enclose-kan e-mail 1SG #My children's photographs are attached to my e-mail #29 #Base word: lekat #stick #to stick #30 Andi melekati gambar yang indah itu dengan lem #Andi MEN-glue-i picture REL beautiful with glue #Andi stuck the beautiful picture with glue #31 Andi melekatkan gambar yang indah itu ke tembok #Andi MEN-glue-kan picture REL beautiful to wall #Andi stuck the beautiful picture to the wall #References: #Sneddon, James, N.INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar, Roudledge, London,1996.