#Basic relative clause pattern #This document presents relative clauses which are formed with #the relative marker yang. #The document is organised into the following sections: #Subject relative clauses #Object relative clauses #Possessive relative clauses #Relative clauses as nominals #The description of relative clauses in this document is based on Dardjowidjojo (1978), #Macdonald and Dardjowidjojo (1967). #Subject relative clauses #Examples (1) to (3) below are adapted from Dardjowidjojo (1978). #1 #Main sentence: Penari itu memegang peranan sebagai Romo #PE-dance that MEN-hold role-AN as Romo #The dancer plays the role of Romo #2 #Sentence to be made relative clause: Dia sedang menyanyi #3SG in.the.process.of MEN-sing #He is singing #Sentence (3) below is the combination of sentence (1) and (2). Note that #the subject of sentence (2) is deleted because it is the same as the subject #of sentence (1). #3 #Relative clause: Penari yang sedang menyanyi itu memegang peranan sebagai Romo #PE-dance REL in.the.process.of MEN-sing that MEN-hold role-AN as Romo #The dancer who is singing plays the role of Romo #Note that the word order doesn't change in subject relativization. #The subject remains in the same position (at the beginning of the sentence). #The sentence to be made into a relative clause is inserted to the sentence #following the subject NP. #In example (4) sentence (1) becomes the relative clause and sentence (2) is #the main sentence. #4 #Relative clause: Penari yang memegang peranan sebagai Romo itu sedang menyanyi #PE-dance REL MEN-hold role-AN as Romo that in.the.process.of MEN-sing #The dancer who plays the role of Romo is singing #Note that the Men-verbs do not change. #Object relative clauses #5 Buku itu ditulis oleh Presiden Sukarno #book that DI-write by president Sukarno #The book was written by President Sukarno #6 Mereka meminjam buku itu #3PL MEN-borrow book that #They borrowed the book #Note that the subject in (5) is the same as the object in (6). #7 Buku yang mereka pinjam itu ditulis oleh Presiden Sukarno #book REL 3PL borrow that DI-write by president Sukarno #The book which they borrowed was written by President Sukarno #In example (7) sentence (6) is used as a relative clause modifying the #subject NP of sentence (5). The object of sentence (6) is deleted because #it is the same NP as the subject of sentence (5). #Note that the verb of the sentence changes into its base form. This is a typical #process of passive voice according to Dardjowidjojo's definition, although this is not #an instance of passive voice. See file 12 for more information on voice. #In sentence (8) the subject NP of the passivized relative clause is deleted because #it is the same as the object NP of the main clause. #8 Mereka meminjam buku yang ditulis oleh Presiden Sukarno #3PL MEN-borrow book REL DI-write by president Sukarno #They borrowed the book that President Sukarno wrote #The position of subject and object relativizations also occur in #interrogative sentence formation. Observe the following examples. #9 Pak Dimara menanam pohon kelapa #sir Dimara MEN-plant tree coconut #Mr Dimara planted a coconut tree #Sentence (10) can be changed into an interrogative sentence by replacing #the object with the question word apa 'what'. Note that question word #apa is usually used for questioning non-human subject/object. #10 Pak Dimara menanam apa? #sir Dimara MEN-plant what? #What did Mr Dimara plant? #If we form a relative clause modifier of 'pohon kelapa' (coconut tree) #then we need the relative marker yang to be inserted into the sentence. The verb of the #sentence will change into its base form. This process is similar to example #(7). Observe sentence (11). #11 Pohon kelapa yang Pak Dimara tanam #tree coconut REL sir Dimara plant #The coconut tree which Mr Dimara planted #The same process also applies to the question word apa. If we move the question #word apa in (10) to the beginning of the sentence then we must have the relative marker #yang to follow the question word apa. Note that the structure and the verb #morphology of sentence (11) is the same as sentence (12). More research is needed on #this construction. #12 Apa yang Pak Dimara tanam? #what REL sir Dimara plant? #What did Mr Dimara plant? #Sentence (11) and (12) will be ungrammatical if the relative marker yang is #removed. #Ungrammatical: #13 Pohon kelapa Pak Dimara tanam (0! 0 0 0) #tree coconut sir Dimara plant #The coconut tree which Mr Dimara planted #Ungrammatical: #14 Apa Pak Dimara tanam? (0! 0 0 0) #what REL sir Dimara plant? #What did Mr Dimara plant? #A similar process also occurs with the question word siapa 'who'. #Siapa is used to question human subject. Unlike apa, siapa can occur #at the beginning and at the end of a sentence. When it occurs at the #beginning of the sentence it usually has the relative marker yang. #Examples: #15 Pak Kadir mengancam anak itu #sir Kadir MEN-threat child that #Mr Kadir threatened the child #16 Siapa yang mengancam anak itu? #who REL MEN-threat child that? #Who threatened the child? #Yang can be omitted from sentence (16). #17 Siapa mengancam anak itu? #who MEN-threat child that? #Who threatened the child? #However, most Indonesians would prefer sentence (16) to sentence (17). #When siapa replaces object of the sentence it does not require the relative #marker yang. #18 Pak Kadir mengancam siapa? #sir Kadir MEN-threat who? #Who did Mr Kadir threaten? #For more examples and information about question word apa and siapa see #specific questions: apa, siapa, berapa, kenapa and mengapa in file 36. #Possessor relativization #Below are two examples of relative clause relativizing possessors #from Dardjowidjojo. #19 #Main sentence: Wayang itu bernama Petruk #shadow.character that BER-name Petruk #That shadow play character is called Petruk #20 #Sentence to be made relative clause: Hidung dia panjang #nose 3SG long #His nose is long #21 #Relative clause: Wayang yang hidungnya panjang itu bernama Petruk #shadow.character REL nose-3SG long that BER-name Petruk #The shadow play character whose nose is long is called Petruk #22 #Main sentence: Satria itu sangat gagah #knight that very handsome #The knight is very handsome #23 #Sentence to be made relative clause: Istri dia diculik raksasa #wife 3SG DI-kidnap giant #His wife was kidnapped by a ginat #24 #Relative clause: Satria yang istrinya diculik raksasa itu sangat gagah #knight REL wife 3SG DI-kidnap giant that very handsome #The knight whose wife was kidnapped by a giant is very handsome #Structure of possessive relativization: #Possessor + yang + noun possessed + nya + VP + (DET ini or itu) #Observe (21) and (24). In these examples determiner itu occurs at the end #of the relative clause and closes the whole NP. #The meaning of sentences (21) is unambiguous but the meaning of sentence #(24) can be ambiguous. The problem is that beside the head noun there is also #a noun preceding the determiner itu. Thus, there is a confusion here as to which #noun the determiner itu modifies. A different interpretation is illustrated #in (25). #25 #Relative clause: Satria yang istrinya diculik raksasa itu sangat gagah #knight REL wife 3SG DI-kidnap giant that very handsome #The knight whose wife was kidnapped by that giant is very handsome #Example (28) shows a relative clause without determiner ini or itu. #26 #Main sentence: Pak Jembise memimpin rapat senat #sir Jembise MEN-lead meeting senate #Mr Jembise led a senate meeting #27 #Sentence to be made relative clause: Mobil Pak Jembise merah #car sir Jembise red #Mr Jembise's car is red #28 #Relative clause: Pak Jembise yang mobilnya merah memimpin rapat senat #sir Jembise REL car-POSS red MEN-lead meeting senate #Mr Jembise whose car is red led a senate meeting #Relative clause as nominals #Macdonald and Dardjowidjojo state that any predicative preceded by #yang produces a nominalization of that predicate. #Below are some examples adapted from Mackie and Dardjowidjojo (1967:135): #29 VP: pergi #go #to go #30 DP: yang pergi #REL go #The one who goes #31 VP: membelikan saya buku itu kemarin #MEN-buy-KAN 1SG book that yesterday #to buy me the book yesterday #32 DP: yang membelikan saya buku itu kemarin #REL MEN-buy-KAN 1SG book that yesterday #The one who bought me the book yesterday #33 AP: biru #blue #blue #34 DP: yang biru #REL blue #The one which is blue #35 PP: di kamar lain #in room other #in the other room #36 DP: yang di kamar lain #REL in room other #the one who is in the other room #37 DP: ini #this #this #38 DP: yang ini #REL this #This one #39 DP: itu #that #that #40 DP: yang itu #REL that #that one #Note that determiner ini or itu always follows yang. #41 Yang ini merusak kesehatan kita #Rel this ME-destroy KE-health-AN 1PL.INCL #This one destroys our health #42 DP: Yang merusak kesehatan kita ini #Rel ME-destroy KE-health-AN 1PL.INCL this #This one which destroys our health #In (41) ini modifies yang and in (42) it modifies yang and closes the whole #NP. #The meaning will change if we place ini before yang. Observe (43). #43 Ini yang merusak kesehatan kita #this Rel ME-destroy KE-health-AN 1PL.INCL #This is the one that destroys our health #References: #Dardjowidjojo,Soenjono, Sentence patterns of Indonesian, #University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1978 (pp. 206-208, 217-219, #236-237, 240-241). #Macdonald, R. Ross and Soenjono Darjowidjojo, A Student's Reference Grammar of Modern #Formal Indonesian, 1967 (pp. 135-138). #Sarumpaet, Jan,P. The Structure of Bahasa Indonesia, #Sahata Publications, Melbourne, 1977 (pp.26). #Sarumpaet, J.P. and J.A.C. Mackie. Introduction to Bahasa Indonesia, #Melbourne University Press, 1966 (pp.98-111.