#Complementiser "agar/supaya" #Conjunction supaya 'in order that, so that' is used to introduce #a subordinate clause. It implies an intention, expectation or hope #that a certain end will be reached (Quinn, 2004:1096-7). #Transitive and intransitive verbs of intent can have complementiser #supaya/agar clause. (Below is the list of verbs that can take #supaya/agar clauses based on Sneddon). The verbs include: #ingin 'want, desire' #berharap 'hope' #hendak 'want' #mau 'want' #berkeinginan 'desire' #berpesan 'instruct' #berusaha 'endeavour' #bercita-cita'desire' #mendesak 'urge' #mengajak 'invite, urge' #menuntut 'demand' #menginginkan 'want, desire' #mengharapkan 'hope, expect' #menginstruksikan 'instruct' #menghendaki 'want' #menyuruh 'order' #mempersilakan 'invite' #memerintahkan 'instruct' #menghimbau 'appeal' #menasihati ' advise' #memohon 'request' #mengusulkan 'suggest' #Intransitive verb of intent. #EXAMPLES: #1 Saya mau supaya kamu datang besok #1SG want so.that 2SG come tomorrow #I want you to come tomorrow #2 Ayah ingin supaya kami hidup baik-baik #Father want so.that 1PL.EXCL life good-REDUP #Father wanted us to live well #3 Ibu berpesan agar kami berhati-hati di jalan #mother BER-instruct so.that 1PL.EXCL BER-careful-REDUP in road #Mother gave instructions that we be careful on the road #The subjects of supaya/agar clauses in (1) to (3) are different from #the subjects of the main clauses. #The order of the sentences in (1) to (3) cannot be reversed. #4 #Ungrammatical: Supaya kamu datang besok saya mau (0! 0 0 0) #so.that 2SG come tomorrow 1SG want #I want you to come tomorrow #5 #Ungrammatical: Supaya kami hidup baik-baik ayah ingin (0! 0 0 0) #so.that 1PL.EXCL life good-REDUP father want #Father wanted us to live well #6 #Ungrammatical: Agar kami berhati-hati di jalan ibu berpesan (0! 0 0 0) #so.that 1PL.EXCL BER-careful-REDUP in road mother BER-instruct #Mother gave instructions that we be careful on the road #Transitive verbs of intent #The subject of a transitive verb of intent requires the object to do #an action which is conveyed by the supaya/agar clause. #EXAMPLES: #7 Saya menyuruh Budi agar dia segera datang ke kantor #1SG MEN-order Budi so.that 3SG immediately come to office #I ordered Budi that he came to the office immediately #8 Manajer perusahaan itu memerintahkan stafnya agar mereka menyiapkan dokumen-dokumen itu #Manager PER-business-AN that MEN-instruct-KAN staff-3POSS so.that 3PL MEN-ready-KAN document-REDUP that #The company manager instructed his staff that they prepared the documents #The subject of a supaya/agar clauses is different from the subject of #the main clause but it is identical with the object of the main clause #and therefore it may be ellipted. #9 Saya menyuruh Budi agar segera datang ke kantor #1SG MEN-order Budi so.that immediately come to office #I ordered Budi to come to the office immediately #10 Manajer perusahaan itu memerintahkan stafnya agar menyiapkan dokumen-dokumen itu #Manager PER-business-AN that MEN-instruct-KAN staf-3POSS so.that MEN-ready-KAN document-REDUP that #The company manager instructed his staff to prepare the documents #11 Kepala kantor mengajak saya supaya ikut dalam kelompoknya #head office MEN-invite 1SG so.that take.part in group-3POSS #The office head invited me to take part in his group #12 Gubernur DKI Jakarta meminta rakyat agar menghemat pemakaian listrik #governor DKI Jakarta ME-request people so.that MEN-save PEN-use electricity #The governor of DKI Jakarta requested the people to reduce the use of eletricity #13 Aktivis HAM mendesak pemerintah supaya membuka akses bagi jurnalis #activist human.rights MEN-urge government so.that MEN-open access for journalist #Human rights activists urged the government to open access for journalists #Alternatively, the object of the main clause can be ellipted and in this case #the subject of the supaya/agar clause is retained. Observe (14) to (18). #14 Saya menyuruh agar Budi segera datang ke Kantor #1SG MEN-order so.that Budi immediately come to office #I ordered that Budi come to the office immediately #15 Manajer perusahaan itu memerintahkan agar stafnya menyiapkan dokumen-dokumen itu #Manager PER-business-AN that MEN-instruct-KAN so.that staff-3POSS MEN-ready-KAN document-REDUP that #The company manager gave instructions that his staff prepare the documents #16 Kepala kantor mengajak supaya saya ikut dalam kelompoknya #head office MEN-invite so.that 1SG take.part in group-3POSS #The office head invited me to take part in his group #17 Gubernur DKI Jakarta meminta agar rakyat menghemat pemakaian listrik #governor DKI Jakarta ME-request so.that people MEN-save PEN-use electricity #The governor of DKI Jakarta requested that the people reduced the use of eletricity #18 Aktivis HAM mendesak supaya pemerintah membuka akses bagi jurnalis #activist human.rights MEN-urge so.that government MEN-open access for journalist #Human rights activists urged that the government opened access for journalists #In (14) to (18) the supaya/agar clause occurs as complement of the transitive verb. #Thus, the main verb is immediately followed by the supaya agar/clause. In this #type of construction the supaya/agar clause becomes the object of the main verb. #Sneddon notes that when the subject of the supaya/agar clause is ellipted #the clause has no subject and hence supaya and agar can be replaced by #untuk 'for' (Sneddon, 1996:299). Observe sentences (19) to (23) below: #19 Saya menyuruh Budi untuk segera datang ke Kantor #1SG MEN-order Budi for immediately come to office #I ordered Budi to come to the office immediately #20 Manajer perusahaan itu memerintahkan stafnya untuk menyiapkan dokumen-dokumen itu #Manager PER-business-AN that MEN-instruct-KAN staff-3POSS for MEN-ready-KAN document-REDUP that #The company manager instructed his staff to prepare the documents #21 Kepala kantor mengajak saya untuk ikut dalam kelompoknya #head office MEN-invite 1SG for take.part in group-3POSS #The office head invited me to take part in his group #22 Gubernur DKI Jakarta meminta rakyat untuk menghemat pemakaian listrik #governor DKI Jakarta ME-request people for MEN-save PEN-use electricity #The governor of DKI Jakarta requested the people to reduce the use of eletricity #23 Aktivis HAM menghimbau pemerintah untuk membuka akses bagi jurnalis #activist human.rights MEN-urge government for MEN-open access for journalist #Human rights activists urged the government to open access for journalists #The construction of sentences (19) to (23) is the same as (9) to (13). #However, untuk cannot replace supaya/agar when subject occurs in the supaya/agar #clause. Observe (24) to (27). #24 Saya menyuruh Andi agar dia segera datang ke Kantor #1SG MEN-order Andi so.that 3SG immediately come to office #I ordered Andi that he came to the office immediately #25 #Ungrammatical: Saya menyuruh Andi untuk dia segera datang ke Kantor (0! 0 0 0) #1SG MEN-order Andi for 3SG immediately come to office #I ordered Andi that he came to the office immediately #26 Manajer perusahaan itu memerintahkan stafnya agar mereka menyiapkan dokumen-dokumen itu #Manager PER-business-AN that MEN-instruct-KAN staff-3POSS so.that 3PL MEN-ready-KAN document-REDUP that #The company manager instructed his staff that they prepared the documents #27 #Ungrammatical: Manajer perusahaan itu memerintahkan stafnya untuk mereka menyiapkan dokumen-dokumen itu (0! 0 0 0) #Manager PER-business-AN that MEN-instruct-KAN staf-3POSS for 3PL MEN-ready-KAN document-REDUP that #The company manager instructed his staff that they prepared the documents #The transitive verbs of intent in (9) to (13) can made passive. The position #of the supaya/agar clause remains after the main verb. #Passive voice: #28 Pemerintah didesak aktivis HAM supaya membuka akses bagi jurnalis #government DI-urge activist human.rights so.that MEN-open access for journalist #The Government was urged by human rights activists to open access for journalists #Sentences (28) shows that subject of the passive clause is patient #of the main verb and actor of the complement verb. #References: #Quinn, George. the Learner's Dictionary of Today's Indonesian, Allen and Unwin, #2001 (pp. 1096-7). #Sneddon, James, N. INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar, #Roudledge, London, 1996 (pp. 296-300).