#Specific questions with apa, siapa, berapa, kenapa and mengapa #Indonesian question words are formed on the basis of two question words: #apa 'what' and mana 'where'. #Below we show the formation of specific question words based on #Dardjowidjoyo's proposal(Dardjowijoyo, 1978:86-87) and explore their #functions within sentences. #Apa #Specific questions which are formed on the basis of the question word #apa 'what' are berapa 'how many/much', siapa 'who', mengapa 'why', and #kenapa 'why. #Apa --> what #Ber + apa --> berapa 'how many/much' #Si + apa ---> siapa 'who' #MENG-apa ---> mengapa 'why' #Ken -apa ---> kenapa 'why' #Mana #Specific questions which are formed on the basis of the question word #mana 'where' are di mana 'at where', ke mana 'to where', dari mana #'from where', bagaimana 'what...like, how', and bilamana 'when'. #Mana 'where' #di + mana ---> di mana 'at where' #ke + mana ---> ke mana 'to where' #dari + mana --> dari mana 'from where' #bagai + mana ---> bagaimana 'what ... like, how' #bila + mana ----> bilamana 'when' #Kapan --> 'when' #The question words described above correspond to English #'wh-' questions. These questions do not expect ya 'yes' or #tidak,bukan, belum 'no' as an answer. They expect more #specific information. #Apa 'what' and siapa 'who' #Apa and siapa function as nominals. #Siapa can replace the subject and the object of a sentence, #and makes the sentence interrogative. #Siapa only replaces human subjects. #1 Orang mabuk itu mengancam sopir taksi #person drunk that MEN-threat driver taxi #That drunk man threatened the taxi driver #2 Siapa mengancam sopir taxi? #Who MEN-threat driver taxi? #Who threatened the taxi driver? #Most Indonesians prefer to use the relative marker #yang 'who, that'after siapa. #3 Siapa yang mengancam sopir taxi? #Who REL MEN-threat driver taxi? #Who threatened the taxi driver? #4 Orang mabuk itu mengancam siapa? #person drunk that MEN-threat who? #Who did that drunk man threaten? #In (4) siapa can replace the object of the sentence. #Apa replaces non-human subjects. However, apa cannot be #placed at the beginning of the sentence. #5 Dia beli rumah baru #3SG buy house new #He bought a new house #Ungrammatical: #6 Apa dia beli? (0! 0 0 0) #what 3SG buy? #What did he buy? #Apa can only be placed at the beginning of the sentence #if it is followed by the relative marker yang 'who, that'. #7 Apa yang dia beli? #what REL 3SG buy? #What did he buy? #Apa can replace the object of a sentence. For this purpose #apa does not need the relative marker yang 'who, that'. #8 Dia beli apa? #3SG buy what? #What did he buy? #Apa and siapa can modify a noun. As modifiers apa and siapa #are placed after the noun and have meanings of 'what (book), #whose (father)' respectively. #9 Mereka membaca buku biology #3PL MEN-read book biology #They read biology book #10 Mereka membaca buku apa? #3PL MEN-read book what? #What book did they read? #11 Pak Rumkorem memperbaiki sepeda bapak #sir Rumkorem MEM-PER-repair-I bicycle father #Mr Rumkorem repaired father's bicycle #12 Pak Rumkorem memperbaiki sepeda siapa? #sir Rumkorem MEM-PER-repair-I bicycle who? #Whose bicycle did Mr Rumkorem repair? #Apa and siapa can be preceded by a preposition. #13 Untuk apa barang-barang ini? #for what goods-REDUP this? #What are these goods for? #14 Dari siapa hadiah ini? #from who gift this? #Who is this gift from? #Berapa #Questions with berapa require an answer that has a number in it. #Berapa means 'how many?', 'how much?', 'what'(When asking about a number/ #quantity). #The position of berapa within a sentence can be at the #beginning or at the end of a sentence. #15 Berapa harga tiket kereta? #how.many price ticket train? #How much is the train ticket? #16 Harga tiket kereta berapa? #price ticket train how.many ? #How much is the train ticket? #Berapa can be used for counting or measuring people and things. #17 Berapa banyak uang yang kamu punya? #how.many many/much money REL 2SG have? #How much money do you have? #18 Dia mau beli berapa kilo? #3SG want buy how.many kilo? #How many kilos does he want to buy? #19 Berapa kali? #how.many time? #How many times? #20 Berapa tahun? #how.many years? #How many years? #21 Berapa tahun umur anda? #how.many year age 2SG? #How old are you? #Berapa is often followed by numeral classifier. The most common are #orang (for counting people), buah (for counting things), and ekor #(for counting animals) #22 Berapa orang siswa tidak membayar biaya sekolah? #How.many CLASS student NEG MEN-pay fee school? #How many students did not pay school fees? #Berapa can appear in front of adjectives when we are asking #'how much' or 'to what extent'. #23 Berapa jauh kota Jayapura dari sini? #how.many far town Jayapura from here? #How far is Jayapura town from here? #24 Berapa berat badan anak itu? #how.many heavy body child that? #How heavy is the child? #25 Berapa panjang jembatan ini? #how.many long bridge this? #How long is this bridge? #Berapa also occur after a noun with the meaning equivalent #to English 'what'. The answer usually requires a numeral. #26 Kelas berapa? #class what? #What grade? (in school) #27 Kelas lima #class five #Fifth grade #28 Jam berapa? #time what? #What time? #29 Pukul berapa? #strike what? #What time? #30 Nomor berapa? #number what? #What number? #31 Tahun berapa? #year what? #What year? #32 Tanggal berapa? #date what? #What date? #Berapa can be used as a relative pronoun which means #'how many, how much'. #33 Saya lupa berapa yang absen. #1SG forget how.many REL absent. #I forgot how many who were absent. #Kenapa and Mengapa #Kenapa 'why' is a very common informal variant of the more #formal mengapa why? Kenapa and mengapa function as adverb #of reason. #34 Kenapa kamu terlambat? #why 2SG TER-late? #Why are you late? #35 Kenapa dia menangis? #why 3SG MEN-cry? #Why is she crying? #Relative pronoun why. #36 Saya mengerti kenapa dia kecewa #1SG MEN-understand why 3SG upset #I understand why he is upset #37 Mengapa kamu menangis? #Why 2SG cry? #Why are you crying? #Interrogative what's wrong. What's the matter. #When it is said alone. #38 Mengapa? #Why? #Why? #39 Mengapa, Adik? #Why, young.brother? #What's the matter, young brother? #Relative pronoun #40 Saya tahu mengapa dia tidak senang #1SG know why 3SG NEG happy #I know why he is not happy References: #Dardjowidjojo,Soenjono, Sentence patterns of Indonesian, #University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1978. #Sneddon, James, N. INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar, Roudledge, London, #1966 (pp. 310-314)