#Focusing Adjuncts #Focusing adjuncts emphasise the most important thing involved in what is being #said (Sneddon, 1996:227). #There are various kinds of focusing adjuncts such as limiters, additives, #adverb justru, and particles pun, lah and kah. #This document only presents focusing adjuncts which Sneddon #classified as limiters. #Limiters indicate that only the thing being said is the focus and nothing else. #The limiters can precede or follow the focused item. #The document discusses the following limiters. #Hanya 'only, just' #Cuma 'only, just' #Semata-mata 'only, just, for no reason other than..' #saja 'just, only' #melulu 'just, only, nothing but, all you/they do is...' #Hanya 'only, just' #1 Kemarin saya hanya makan nasi #yesterday 1SG only eat rice #Yesterday I only ate rice #Sneddon notes that limiters such as hanya, cuma, and semata-mata precede #the predicate. #In example (1) hanya 'only' precedes makan nasi 'eat rice'. Here eating rice #receives emphasis. #Hanya cannot be placed before the object nasi 'rice'. Observe (2): #2 #Ungrammatical: Kemarin saya makan hanya nasi (0! 0 0 0) #yesterday 1SG eat only rice #Yesterday I only ate rice #Similar examples can be grammatical if (1) hanya nasi is placed at the beginning #of the sentence, and (2) the relative marker yang is inserted immediately #after hanya nasi 'only rice'. Observe example (3): #3 Hanya nasi yang kemarin saya makan #only rice REL yesterday 1SG eat #It was only rice that I ate yesterday #Other items in the sentence except the predicate also need the relative marker #yang. In examples (4) and (5) below kemarin 'yesterday' and saya '1SG' get #focused. #4 Hanya kemarin yang saya makan nasi #only yesterday REL 1SG eat #I was only yesterday that I ate rice #5 Kemarin hanya saya yang makan nasi #yesterday only 1SG REL eat rice #I was only me who ate rice yesterday #Sentences (3), (4) and (5) will be ungrammatical if the relative marker yang #is removed. #6 #Ungrammatical: Hanya nasi kemarin saya makan (0! 0 0 0) #only rice REL yesterday 1SG eat #It was only rice that I ate yesterday #7 #Ungrammatical: Hanya kemarin saya makan nasi (0! 0 0 0) #only yesterday REL 1SG eat #It was only yesterday that I ate rice #8 #Ungrammatical: Kemarin hanya saya makan nasi (0! 0 0 0) #yesterday only 1SG REL eat rice #It was only me who ate rice yesterday #More examples with hanya are illustrated in (9) to (13). #9 Dia hanya mengunjungi candi Borobudur tahun lalu #3SG only MEN-visit-i temple Borobudur year last #He only visited Borobudur temple last year #10 Hanya candi Borobudur yang dia kunjungi tahun lalu #only temple Borobudur REL 3SG visit-i year last #It was only Borobudur temple that he visited last year #11 Hanya tahun lalu yang dia kunjungi candi Borobudur #only year last REL 3SG visit-i temple Borobudur #It was only last year that he visited Borobudur temple. #12 Hanya dia yang mengunjungi candi Borobudur tahun lalu #only 3SG REL MEN-visit-i temple Borobudur year last #It was only him who visited Borobudur temple last year #13 Hanya dia yang kunjungi candi Borobudur tahun lalu #only 3SG REL visit-i temple Borobudur year last #It was only him who visited Borobudur temple last year #When other items are focused (except the predicate) #and placed at the beginning of the sentence, the verbs with prefix MEN- #will have its base form plus any suffixes attached to the verb. See examples #(10), (11), and (13). However, examples (12) and (13) show that when #the subject is the focus then the verb can retain prefix MEN- or can be in #its base form. #Cuma 'only, just' #Cuma is informal. Hanya is its informal counterpart. #Cuma follows the same pattern as hanya. Observe the following examples: #14 Mereka cuma minum teh #3PL only drink tea #They only drank tea #15 #Ungrammatical: Mereka minum cuma teh (0! 0 0 0) #3PL drink only tea #They only drank tea #16 Cuma teh yang mereka minum #only tea REL 3PL drink #It was only tea that they drank #17 Cuma mereka yang minum teh #only 3PL REL drink tea #It was only them who drank tea #18 #Ungrammatical: Cuma teh mereka minum (0! 0 0 0) #only tea REL 3PL drink #It was only tea that they drank #19 #Ungrammatical: Cuma mereka minum teh (0! 0 0 0) #only 3PL REL drink tea #It was only them who drank tea #Semata-mata 'only, just, for no reason other than..' #Semata-mata is used when we want to emphasize that something is done for #one specific reason only and no other. #Semata-mata precedes the focused item. #20 Evi menulis cerita itu semata-mata untuk memperoleh uang #Evi MEN-write story that only for MEN-get money #Evi wrote that story only to get some money #21 Evi semata-mata menulis cerita itu untuk memperoleh uang #Evi only MEN-write story that for MEN-get money #Evi only wrote that story to get some money #Unlike hanya and cuma, semata-mata cannot precede other items in the sentence #except the predicate and any particular reason that need a focused attention. #22 #Ungrammatical: Semata-mata Evi menulis cerita itu untuk memperoleh uang (0! 0 0 0) #only Evi MEN-write story that for MEN-get money #It was Evi who wrote that story to get some money #23 #Ungrammatical: Semata-mata Evi yang menulis cerita itu untuk memperoleh uang (0! 0 0 0) #only Evi MEN-write story that for MEN-get money #It was Evi who wrote that story to get some money #24 #Ungrammatical: Semata-mata cerita itu Evi menulis untuk memperoleh uang (0! 0 0 0) #only story that Evi MEN-write for MEN-get money #It was that story that Evi wrote to get some money #25 #Ungrammatical: Semata-mata cerita itu yang Evi menulis untuk memperoleh uang (0! 0 0 0) #only story that REL Evi MEN-write for MEN-get money #It was that story that Evi wrote to get some money #Sentences (22) to (25) show that with or without relative marker yang the #sentences are ungrammatical. #Saja 'just, only' #Saja is used when we want to emphasise that we are talking about a certain #person or thing and not someone or something else. #Saja follows the focused item. #26 Kemarin saya makan nasi saja #yesterday 1SG eat rice only #I just ate rice yesterday #In example (26) the focus is on the fact that nothing else was eaten yesterday #except rice. #Saja can be placed immediately after kemarin 'yesterday', and saya '1SG'. Here #the relative marker yang must also be inserted immediately after saja. #27 Kemarin saja yang saya makan nasi #yesterday only REL 1SG eat rice #It was only yesterday that I ate rice #28 Kemarin saya saja yang makan nasi #yesterday 1SG only REL eat rice #It was just me who ate rice yesterday #29 Nasi saja yang kemarin saya makan #rice only REL yesterday 1SG eat #It was only rice that I ate yesterday #The sentences will be ungrammatical if relative marker yang is removed. #30 #Ungrammatical: Kemarin saja saya makan nasi (0! 0 0 0) #yesterday only 1SG eat rice #It was only yesterday that I ate rice #31 #Ungrammatical: Kemarin saya saja makan nasi (0! 0 0 0) #yesterday 1SG only eat rice #It was just me who ate rice yesterday #32 #Ungrammatical: Nasi saja kemarin saya makan (0! 0 0 0) #rice only REL yesterday 1SG eat #It was only rice that I ate yesterday #Melulu 'just, only, nothing but, all you/they do is...' #Melulu is used when we want to emphasise that only one thing is being done #(excluding everything else). #Melulu precedes the focused item. #33 Tiap hari Yohana memikirkan uang melulu #every day Yohana MEN-think-kan money all.you/they.do.is #Everyday all Yohana thinks about is money #34 #Ungrammatical: Tiap hari Yohana memikirkan melulu uang (0! 0 0 0) #every day Yohana MEN-think-kan all.you/they.do.is money #Everyday all Yohana thinks is money #Combination of limiters. #Sneddon states that the combination of hanya and saja gives additional emphasis. #Our data show that it is not only hanya and saja that can combine to give additonal #emphasis but also the combinations of different limiters such as cuma and saja, #hanya and semata-mata, hanya and melulu, cuma and melulu, etc. Observe the #following examples: #35 Dia hanya makan nasi saja #3SG only eat rice only #He ate nothing but rice #36 Saya cuma mengunjungi candi Borobudur saja #1SG only MEN-visit-i temple Borobudur only #I only visited Borobudur temple #37 Tiap hari Yohana hanya memikirkan uang melulu #every day Yohana only MEN-think-kan money all.you/they.do.is #Everyday all Yohana thinks about is money only #38 Evi hanya menulis cerita itu semata-mata untuk memperoleh uang #Evi only MEN-write story that for.no.reason.other.than for MEN-get money #Evi just wrote that story for no other reason than to get some money #References: #Quinn, George. the Learner's Dictionary of Today's Indonesian, Allen and Unwin, #2001 (pp. 652-3, 747-8, 885, 1043, 1070-1). #Sneddon, James, N. INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar, #Roudledge, London, 1996 (pp. 227).